Optimizing Nitrogen-Based Chemical Fertilizer Efficiency Through Microbial Organic Fertilizer (MOF) Integration for Sustainable Oryza sativa Productivity in Rainfed Lowland Fields
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.59784/glosains.v7i2.701Keywords:
combination of fertilization, efficiency nitrogen-based chemical fertilizers, organic microbial fertilizer (MOF), oryza sativaAbstract
Background: This study determines the best combination of nitrogen fertilizers and MOF (Microbial Organic Fertilizer) to sustainably increase rice productivity in rainfed lowland regions while minimizing N loss and improving soil health. Excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer contributes to soil degradation; however, MOF can help enhance nutrient uptake efficiency and reduce chemical dependency in rainfed agricultural areas due to its derivation from agricultural waste materials.
Objective: To identify the nitrogen fertilization and MOF combination that maximizes Oryza sativa yield in rainfed lowlands while reducing chemical fertilizer use. Specifically, this research aimed to determine the ideal combination ratio of NPK Phonska and mycorrhizae that yields the highest productivity while maintaining an adequate Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE).
Method: A Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 25 treatment combinations was conducted in Jember, East Java, Indonesia, as follows: NPK (0–100%) and MOF (0–100%) at three replications. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA and DMRT (5%).
Results: The combination of 100% NPK and 50–100% MOF showed a significant increase in yield, with the highest yield recorded at 100% NPK and 25% MOF (9,545 kg/ha). The 25% MOF and 75% NPK combination yielded 5,462.5 kg/ha, representing a 25% reduction in fertilizer application without a significant decrease in yield (p < 0.05).
Conclusion: The use of 25% MOF combined with 100% nitrogen fertilizer is beneficial for optimizing productivity, decreasing chemical fertilizer use, and promoting sustainable rainfed rice production.
References
Abioye, O. M., Olasehinde, D. A., & Abadunmi, T. (2024). The Role of Biofertilizers in Sustainable Agriculture: An Eco-Friendly Alternative to Conventional Chemical Fertilizers. Applied Science and Engineering Progress, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.14416/j.asep.2023.07.001
Bhunia, S., Bhowmik, A., Mallick, R., & Mukherjee, J. (2021). Agronomic efficiency of animal-derived organic fertilizers and their effects on biology and fertility of soil: A review. In Agronomy (Vol. 11, Number 5). https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11050823
Chaudhary, P., Singh, S., Chaudhary, A., Sharma, A., & Kumar, G. (2022). Overview of biofertilizers in crop production and stress management for sustainable agriculture. In Frontiers in Plant Science (Vol. 13). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.930340
Fathi, S., & Najafian, S. (2020). Effect of organic and chemical fertilizers on morpho-physiological and biochemical properties of ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi L.). Iranian Journal of Plant Physiology, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.22034/ijpp.2020.677206
Hapsoh, Dini, I. R., Wawan, Rifa’I, M., & Khoiruddin, F. (2023). Combination of inorganic and bio-organic fertilizer on growth and production of Paddy Rice ( Oryza sativa L.). IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1241(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1241/1/012036
Karmakar, S., Bhattacharyya, A., Ghosh, B., Roy, R., Kumar, S., Kar, B., & Saha, G. (2020). Suitability of coupling application of organic and inorganic fertilizers for crop cultivation. In Ecological and Practical Applications for Sustainable Agriculture. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3372-3_8
Laekemariam, F., Gifole, G., & Kefita, G. (2024). Management of Alternative Organic Fertilizer Sources for Wheat Production: Evidence from Decomposition Dynamics and Agronomic, Economic, and Farmers’ Preferences. Applied and Environmental Soil Science, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/6168287
Lan, Z., Zhao, Y., Zhang, J., Yang, X., Sial, T. A., & Khan, M. N. (2020). Effects of the long-term fertilization on pore and physicochemical characteristics of loess soil in Northwest China. Agronomy Journal, 112(6). https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.20401
Lesik, M. M. N. N., Dadi, O., Wahida, Andira, G., & Laban, S. (2019). Nutrient analysis of liquid organic fertilizer from agricultural waste and rumen liquid. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 343(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/343/1/012178
Li, X., Li, B., Chen, L., Liang, J., Huang, R., Tang, X., Zhang, X., & Wang, C. (2022). Partial substitution of chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizer over seven years increases yields and restores soil bacterial community diversity in wheat–rice rotation. European Journal of Agronomy, 133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2021.126445
Liu, Q., Xu, H., & Yi, H. (2021). Impact of fertilizer on crop yield and c:N:P stoichiometry in arid and semi-arid soil. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084341
Liu, Y., Lan, X., Hou, H., Ji, J., Liu, X., & Lv, Z. (2024). Multifaceted Ability of Organic Fertilizers to Improve Crop Productivity and Abiotic Stress Tolerance: Review and Perspectives. In Agronomy (Vol. 14, Number 6). https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14061141
Liu, Y., Lv, Z., Hou, H., Lan, X., Ji, J., & Liu, X. (2021). Long-term effects of combination of organic and inorganic fertilizer on soil properties and microorganisms in a Quaternary Red Clay. PLoS ONE, 16(12 December). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0261387
Niu, D., Yu, M., Xu, C., Wang, Y., Li, C., Yin, D., Zuo, S., & Ren, J. (2024). Microbial Organic Fertilizer Improved the Physicochemical Properties and Bacterial Communities of Degraded Soil in the North China Plain. Sustainability (Switzerland), 16(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/su16010067
Pahalvi, H. N., Rafiya, L., Rashid, S., Nisar, B., & Kamili, A. N. (2021). Chemical fertilizers and their impact on soil health. In Microbiota and Biofertilizers, Vol 2: Ecofriendly Tools for Reclamation of Degraded Soil Environs. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61010-4_1
Peters, T., Richards, S., Bankhead, C., Ades, A., & Sterne, J. (2003). Comparison of methods for analysing cluster randomized trials: An example involving a factorial design. International Journal of Epidemiology, 32(5), 840–846. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyg228
Samreen, T., Rasool, S., Tahir, A., Riaz, U., Nazir, M. Z., Kanwal, S., & Sidra-Tul-muntaha, S. (2025). Nutrient Management through Nano-biofertilizers for Smart Agriculture. In Nanoscience and Soil-Water Interaction in Agroecosystem. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003429289-11
Shao, F., Tao, W., Yan, H., & Wang, Q. (2023). Effects of Microbial Organic Fertilizer (MOF) Application on Desert Soil Enzyme Activity and Jujube Yield and Quality. Agronomy, 13(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092427
Tyagi, J., Ahmad, S., & Malik, M. (2022). Nitrogenous fertilizers: impact on environment sustainability, mitigation strategies, and challenges. In International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology (Vol. 19, Number 11). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-022-04027-9
Wang, J., Li, R., Zhang, H., Wei, G., & Li, Z. (2020). Beneficial bacteria activate nutrients and promote wheat growth under conditions of reduced fertilizer application. BMC Microbiology, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-020-1708-z
Yang, X., Zhang, C., Ma, X., Liu, Q., An, J., Xu, S., Xie, X., & Geng, J. (2021). Combining Organic Fertilizer With Controlled-Release Urea to Reduce Nitrogen Leaching and Promote Wheat Yields. Frontiers in Plant Science, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.802137
Yuan, Y., Zhang, C., Liang, Y., Yuan, J., Liu, J., Cai, H., & Zhang, J. (2025). Influence of straw, compost, and biochar on soil carbon and aggregates in Chernozem. Plant, Soil and Environment, 71(2). https://doi.org/10.17221/580/2024-PSE
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Bibit Lilik Lestari, Karyanti Karyanti, Selly Salma, Dwika Nano Hariyanto
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC-BY-SA). that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
